did prince ernest die of syphilis

Get the superfan scoop on the final season with exclusive cast interviews, videos and more. Syphilis is transmitted through oral, genital, or anal sex with an infected person. He is inaccurately depicted as having an affair with Harriet Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Duchess of Sutherland. Their treatment was perfunctory. [43] Many were in favor of his nomination, including Prime Minister Lord Palmerston as well as Ernest's sister-in-law. In 1941 many of the men were drafted and had their syphilis uncovered by the entrance medical exam, so the researchers had the men removed from the army, rather than let their syphilis be treated. Could Beethoven have written his greatest works while suffering from the worst of diseases? [55] Queen Victoria was furious, writing to Vicky, "What you told me of Uncle E and that pamphlet is simply monstrous. These infections can cause a wide range of symptoms. 204-05. [42] He was elected with 95% of the vote in the Greek head of state referendum of 1862. He also had a tragic personal life because of his romantic view of love. Zeepvat, p. 5. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. So we have slightly deviated away from the truth. Contribute to chinapedia/wikipedia.en development by creating an account on GitHub. [43], There were problems to the nomination; Ernest had no legitimate children, and thus would have had to adopt one of the princes of his house to succeed him as King of Greece. [54] In 1886, Ernest published Co-Regents and Foreign Influence in Germany, a pamphlet that greatly angered his family; though produced anonymously, no one doubted that it was written by Ernest. Upon Ernest's death at Reinhardsbrunn, Alfred succeeded to the ducal throne. But his liberalism caused increased suspicion in Germany of the Coburg influence. Photo credit: Ilya Repin. Consequently, the treatment of the poor was determined by the prejudices and moral sensibilities of the wealthy. Mary Todd also developed blindness and had extreme weight loss, other possible symptoms of syphilis. [9] She soon remarried to Alexander von Hanstein, Count of Plzig and Beiersdorf, dying in 1831 at the age of thirty. As such, he often had sexual relations with prostitutes and may have caught syphilis because of this. [64] He is buried in the ducal mausoleum in the Friedhof am Glockenberg[de] which he himself had built in 185358. It was Albert who caught her eye and five days later she proposed. Dr. Morell also speculated that Hitler may have had the illness. When the study began, the discovery of penicillin as a cure for syphilis was still 10 years away and the general availability of the drug was 15 years away. Symptoms of syphilis include: small sores (ulcers) on your penis, vagina, or around your bottom (anus) - these are usually painless and you may only have one of them. Prince Albert initially encouraged him to get married, but after he found out about his brothers disease he advised him to wait until he was better. Patients were. Only two years after her husband's death, Harriet was struck down by illness. [47] His favorable view of liberalism caused his duchy to become an asylum for political refugees from other German states. The apparent deal-breaker, though, was the fact that Ernest wanted to acquire the Greek throne and still maintain control of his "safer" duchies. When Rudolf betook himself to Mayerling in January 1889, he was thought to be hosting just such a hunting party, but on the day after his arrival he shot his lover and himself with a pistol. They continued using it only because there were no better options until the development of salvarsan and neo-salvarsan in the early twentieth century. But the circumstances strongly suggest he shot himself. She blamed her husbands death on worry over the Prince of Waless philandering. Less common, but no less destructive, is neurosyphilis, in which the central nervous system breaks down, causing either general paresis or tabes dorsalis. It was Queen Victoria's darkest day. As head of the Coburg family, Ernest would normally have been able to arrange Alfred's education and general upbringing unchallenged. As a result of Columbuss voyage, he had unwittingly released in Europe one of the worst diseases in history. Terms of Use: PBS is a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. Though neither man names the disease, the subtext is clear: Ernest contracted syphilis during a wild night in Paris a misfortune that could befall anyone, really. But in the 19th century, it was common. Will he finally admit the truth? Harriet's own beloved husband had died earlier that year and they must have had a lot in common in their grief. The Greeks were eager to have someone close to Britain and Queen Victoria replace Otto; some desired to allow Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (her second son) to succeed as King of Greece. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Indeed, Albert had to intervene at one point and spare his brother the embarrassment of losing one of his Coburg properties. 19th century doctors knew that mercury the syphilis treatment par excellence could be absorbed through the skin. Even though it's extremely likely that the problem was Ernst's as his venereal disease made her infertile, she blamed herself and stuck by him while he seems to have shown her little regard. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. According to their childhood tutor, "they went hand-in-hand in all things, whether at work or at play. Being involved in the theater, Shakespeare was believed to have had a vigorous sexual appetite, so thats one way he might have become infected. The doctor offers no rebuke. Some of the side effects of mercury are psychological changes and the tremors that Shakespeare developed. As they began to have sexual relations with the natives, some of the crew caught the dreaded sickness. Cerebral meningitis can be caused by syphilis because syphilis causes deterioration in the brain. Two years later, he became Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha when his father died. This same year, his 11-year-old nephew, Peregrine Churchill, was confronted by a classmate at Summer Fields Prep School, Oxford, who charged, "My daddy says all you . Syphilis was a capricious mistress and the Victorians were intolerant of those who crossed her path. Despite physicians best efforts, nothing could stop the deadly spread of syphilis throughout the continent. Prince had a troubled relationship with his step-father which lead him to run away from home. Ernest composed songs, hymns, and cantatas, as well as musical pieces for opera and the stage, including Die Grberinsel (1842), Tony, oder die Vergeltung (1849), Casilda (1851), Santa Chiara (1854), and Zare, which met with success in Germany. But wholesale experimentation was part of an ambitious nineteenth-century doctors repertoire some even tried inoculating patients with syphilitic pus in imitation of Jenners smallpox vaccine. did prince ernest die of syphilis. In a letter written to her uncle Leopold I of Belgium, Victoria stated her support for a new royal branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (as Leopold had been chosen as King of the Belgians in 1831), as well as her desire for her second son, Alfred, to succeed his uncle in the duchy. In one fit of rage, he even killed his son. Although less common, it can also be transmitted through sharing . 269-270 and Zeepvat, p. 4. His health had gradually declined over the previous few months because of a chronic lung issue that had first appeared in 1928. He also published his memoirs in three volumes: Aus meinem Leben und aus meiner Zeit (18881890). Victoria: Who was the real Harriet Duchess of Sutherland and did she fall in love with Prince Ernst? They were designed to favor domestic grain farmers by heavily taxing imported graineven during times when food production was inhibited. The wording is vague, but it would match the timeline when Wilde was said to have caught syphilis. His death was officially recorded to have been caused by chronic cerebral affection. Branded 'Switzerland's most famous . MENU MENU. [43] To their and Victoria's reasoning, if Ernest were to take the Greek throne, Alfred could immediately take up his inheritance and succeed Ernest as duke (the Prince of Wales having passed his claim to the duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha on to his younger brother). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Although his death certificate doesnt list a cause of death, its generally agreed that Wilde died of cerebral meningitis, which is inflammation of the lining of the brain. [24] However, such a marriage would have required his conversion from Lutheranism to Roman Catholicism, and consequently nothing came of it. Marriage [ edit] She still doesn't know the truth that Ernest has been hiding: his venereal disease and the syphilitic rash that decorates his torso and causes him such shame. Why last night's VD-laced episode of Victoria should worry [48] In 1863, he attended the liberal Frankfurt Conference, which was openly avoided by more conservative Prussia. You can unsubscribe at any time. New evidence has now revealed that, at the time of his death, Prince had a very high level of fenantyl, an opioid that is 50 times stronger than heroin. Some famous historical personalities including Franz Schubert, Charles VIII of France, Adolph Hitler, Mussolini, and Leo Tolstoy have been alleged to have syphilis. Theyd be wrong. In January 1848, Ernest visited his brother in the midst of political unrest in Germany. [52], Ernest's support of the Prussians in the Austro-Prussian War and later Franco Prussian War meant he was no longer the potential leader of a political movement; although it was true that he had been able to retain his duchies, it had come at a price. Apparently, sailors from Christopher Columbuss crew had gone to Naples, where they spread syphilis. His big black eyes are full of spirit and vivacity. In 1863, Ernest told Victoria that it was time for Alfred to leave the navy and enter a German university. [36] Albert also warned his son of Ernest's endeavors to interfere with the match, commenting, "Your unclewill try his hand at this work. In his plays, Shakespeare developed an obsession with syphilis, a disease usually ignored by society at that time. [60] However, its production at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City in 1890 inspired dismal reviews, with one spectator commenting that its "music was simply rubbish". In 1839 they went back to England to visit Victoria, who had now become Queen. Ernst was his father's heir and expected to succeed him, as he indeed did, as the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Throughout his life, Beethoven composed some of the greatest symphonies of all time, but he also had to deal with several handicaps. Near two years old, Alfred became ill after his inoculation against the smallpox virus; his early death at the age of nearly two, along with the demise of his brother Prince Octavius six months later, was a complete shock to their parents as both children were healthy. One-third of the group was free of syphilis; two-thirds showed evidence of the disease. "And hilariously in real life, Harriet Sutherland had a famously happy marriage with the Duke of Sutherland and they had these 11 children and lived happily ever after. Ernests relationship with Victoria and the royal family remained close after the death of Albert in 1861, and he was an early champion of the marriage of Victorias third daughter, Helena, to Prince Christian of Holstein. Their relationship experienced phases of closeness as well as minor arguments as they grew older. Her parents were only a a minor Grand Duke and the daughter of the deposed King of Sweden, not an ideal match as far as Ernst's ambitious family was concerned but two years later, Ernst's father died and he himself became Duke. Thanks a lot, Columbus. Although Christopher Columbus is generally credited with discovering America, at least one of his other discoveries was less than noble. But it's all for good telly.". [29] He could also draw and play the piano. The Borgias came from Spain originally and the most famous of them died there, killed at the age of 31 in a minor skirmish by attackers who did not even know who he was. [23] One possibility was Princess Clmentine of Orlans, a daughter of Louis Philippe I, whom he met while visiting the court at the Tuileries. Really one cannot go to Coburg when Uncle is there". Effectiveness aside, Victoria deftly captures another of the 19th centurys bitter inequalities. Its also possible that Beethoven had congenital syphilis (syphilis at birth). CNN reported that the pain-killing substance was found on Prince while the Star Tribune in Minneapolis reported that prescription pills were found where the musician died at the age of 57 last week at his home in suburban Minneapolis. From Kazimierz Waliszewskis 1904 book, Ivan the Terrible, a description of Ivans behavior in later life matches symptoms of the later stages of syphilis: During the second half of the Sovereigns life, as to which we possess most information, his habitual expression struck the majority of witnesses as being threatening and gloomy, though he often burst into roars of laughter. In light of that campaign, Dr. Bernstein said, ''it would have been the height of irony if Lenin died of syphilis.'' Disagreement over the merits of the theory seems unlikely to end soon. Ernest urged Prussian leaders against the impending war, and was an active advocate of the Austrian cause. When did Prince Alberts brother Prince Ernst get married? When Charles and his army occupied the kingdom, they had sexual relations with people in Naples and subsequently contracted the disease. [27] She was the eldest daughter of Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, and Princess Sophie of Sweden, daughter of the deposed King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden. Coit Gilman et al, p. 841 and Alden, Berry, Bogart et al, p. 481. And until now it had always been . [50] Many other petty German dukes, princes, and kings who had supported Austria suffered immensely at Hohenzollern hands. [23] He further warned that continued promiscuity could leave Ernest incapable of fathering children. .] One theory may plausibly explain Hitlers behavior and decisions while ruling Nazi Germany. Enter a Melbet promo code and get a generous bonus, An Insight into Coupons and a Secret Bonus, Organic Hacks to Tweak Audio Recording for Videos Production, Bring Back Life to Your Graphic Images- Used Best Graphic Design Software, New Google Update and Future of Interstitial Ads. Although Ernest had a large inheritance, he also had frequent debts. 4 Ivan The Terrible's Infamous Reign May Have Been Caused By Syphilis. [35] Albert agreed there were going to be problems with the match, but as he could find no alternative bride, he wrote to Ernest that keeping the affair a private matter (and outside the realm of government) was "the only way to prevent a break with Prussia and the only way to keep the game in our own hands, impose the conditions that we think necessary, and as far as we can, take off its political edge". Ernest would later comment, "That this cup was spared me, I always regarded as a piece of good fortune". Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Volume 1, p. 48. Officially, Prince Alberts father was Ernest I Duke Of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, however his marriage to Alberts mother, Princess Louise Of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, was an unhappy one. Without treatment, the disease would lie dormant (sometimes for many years), only to reappear. The dead sportsman's hunting - knife, which I saw so often in his strong hand, is now lying before me, a cherished memento, kindly sent me by the stricken dowager-duchess a few weeks after the funeral. By entering your details, you are agreeing to our terms and conditions and privacy policy. At 36, Shakespeares handwriting, including his signature, became noticeably different, showing evidence of a tremor in his hand. He managed a last meeting with his privy council and secretary before he grew too weak to continue. She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. He was a first cousin of King George V of the United Kingdom, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and brother of Queen Marie of Romania. There are various accounts of Ernest's childhood. In 1842 he married Alexandrine of Baden, and he succeeded to the dukedom upon his fathers death in 1844. And will he and Harriet the Duchess of Sutherland (Margaret Clunie) ever get a chance to celebrate their love? But people didnt expect him to bring back a new disease. Some believe that Beethovens deafness may have been caused by syphilis. [2] Special arrangements were made by a combination of constitutional clauses and renunciations to pass Ernest's throne to a son of Albert while preventing a personal union. "[3] In May 1820, his mother described Ernest as "very big for his age, as well as intelligent. "He is not only a no show, but sends [servant] Brodie along with minimal explanation, Obviously Harriet is once again completely broken-hearted. He was born in Coburg to Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, and Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. If he did have syphilis, another question arises: How did he catch it? Vincent van Gogh is one of the most famous names in the art world, but he suffered a tragically short life of almost constant poverty and depression. [21], During the American Civil War, the Duke assigned Ernst Raven to the position of consul in the state of Texas. Even gossip from the time said that Shakespeare became involved in a sexual scandal in which he and others caught the illness. As a final blow, he may have contracted syphilis, which could have affected his mind. Theres certainly no question that Ivan had ample opportunity to contract syphilis. To solve this problem, Ernest suggested to Palmerston that he simply take the title Regent of Greece and hold the kingdom in trust for his chosen heir. "[62] His funeral was held in the Morizkirche in Coburg; thousands of spectators came to the funeral, including Emperor Wilhelm II and the Prince of Wales. The Duke took his sons to sample the "pleasures" of Paris and Berlin, something which horrified Albert but appealed a great deal to his older brother. It is far more likely, the study authors conclude, that the famed Prince whose chance to become king . His reasoning is usually understood as acting in the best interests of his duchies, and by extension, of himself. [16] Some historians believe that while he himself was able to father other children, the disease rendered his young wife infertile. However, many of his physical and psychological symptoms match those of syphilis. As little boys, Ernst and Albert were brought up like twins with a close bond that was only strengthened by their family troubles. [43] He grew tired of the advice he received from Albert on the subject however; as Ernest "was by no means inclined to consent to an energetic rule such as I adopted immediately afterwards for the perfection of the constitutional system", according to Albert's letters. In an age before antibiotics, contact tracing and the NHS, a diagnosis of venereal disease (VD) had devastating consequences. Its also known that Wilde had regular mercury treatments, a common therapy for those with syphilis. Ivan was energetic to the point of violence, and yet timid down to outright cowardice; his pride amounted to positive madness, and his humility occasionally descended to baseness. Victoria series 3 will be released in the US before airing in the UK and fans are in a right royal fury, Victoria creator Daisy Goodwin on how a German prince dreamt up the classic English Christmas, Victoria series 3 confirmed with Jenna Coleman and Tom Hughes both returning. He was forty-five years old and had been unwell for some time. The two German princes had to endure their parents' separation and divorce and their mother's banishment: they never saw her again before her death, which came only a few years later. Around 1835, Lincoln admitted to his close friend and biographer William Herndon that hed caught the disease. Ernest Hendon, the last surviving participant in the infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the U.S. government's 40-year study of the effects of untreated syphilis on a group of black men in rural . Prince soon after became friends with the Anderson's son, Andre Anderson (Cymone) together along with Charles Smith they joined a band called Grand Central. As snow piles up outside and Prince Albert leaps around merrily decorating the palace with fir trees and baubles, Ernest is summoned back to England to celebrate the festive season with his brother's family. Prince Ernest Augustus was born at Buckingham House on 5 June 1771. This legislation granted sweeping discretionary powers to the police, who could arrest women usually working-class women on the slightest suspicion of soliciting. . The syphilis experiment, called the Tuskegee Study, began in 1932 in Tuskegee, Ala., an area which had the highest syphilis rate in the nation at that time. But later, after her husband's death, Queen Victoria expressed her disapproval of both her brother-in-law and sister-in-law: Ernst was embarrassingly open about his lovers, and Alexandrine was scandalously willing to put up with it and be humiliated. 1. What happened to affie Queen Victorias son? Because syphilis produced so many different symptoms that could be mistaken for so many different diseases, Jonathan Hutchinson Victorian Britains foremost medical authority on VD labelled it the great imitator. In one fit of rage, he even killed his son. [22] He subsequently watched the growth of liberalism in Germany with much interest and tried to build links with the movement's leaders. freakin' unbelievable burgers nutrition facts. This majority was sparked to rebellion after Frederick VII of Denmark announced on 27 March 1848 the duchies would become an integral part of Denmark under his new liberal constitution. This is perhaps why viewers of ITVs Victoria last night could share the apprehensions of Prince Ernest of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (played by David Oakes). Instead, he shifts blame by lamenting that the women who carry this disease are often asymptomatic. When two of his brothers died without male heirs, Johann Ernst took possession of Coburg (in 1699) and Rmhild (in 1714). Britain's Prince Philip, a stalwart supporter of his wife, Queen Elizabeth II, for over seven decades, died Friday. Syphilis produces a variety of psychological symptoms that cause insanity: Mary Todd Lincoln most certainly had those. A pregnant woman with syphilis can pass it on to her unborn child, sometimes causing birth defects or death. Prince was adopted by a family called the Andersons. Your best defence will be not to enter on the subject, should he broach it".[37]. [8] In 1824, Ernest I and Louise divorced; she subsequently left Coburg and was disallowed from seeing her sons again. Ernest and Albert first visited their eligible cousin Victoria in 1836. He made some of his best paintings there. The idea was people would gather together to celebrate the fact their noses had fallen off due to the . [21], The first war ended in 1851, but would resume in 1864. The syphilis theory is somewhat discounted because most of the evidence is circumstantial. [44] He also stipulated that if he accepted the throne, it should be subject to certain guarantees by the other powers. Sometimes I can't believe she keeps going back! Signs and symptoms of neurosyphilis can include: severe headache; muscle weakness and/or trouble with muscle movements; and During this time, he started the most productive period of his life, but he also became increasingly plagued with seizures and delusions. Ernst suffered from venereal disease in his late teens and early 20s, which was partly his father's fault for encouraging him to live a wild, promiscuous lifestyle. I grew up listening to his music and covered his death . Signs and symptoms include a fever, chills, nausea, achy pain and a headache. Ernest was the eldest son of Duke Ernest I and his first wife, Louise of Saxe-Gotha. He is teething and as cross as a little badger from impatience and liveliness. He believed that such a match flew in the face of German interests. The duke and his new duchess were not close, and would produce no children; while the boys formed a happy relationship with their stepmother, Marie had little to no input in her stepsons' lives. 4 When did Prince Alberts brother Prince Ernst get married? That journey was chronicled in a book, Reise des Herzogs Ernst von Sachsen-Koburg-Gotha nach gypten, published in 1862. Prince Albert initially encouraged him to get married, but after he found out about his brother's disease he advised him to wait until he was better. Her book, Medicine, Knowledge and Venereal Diseases in England, 18861916, is published with Palgrave. This reaction usually doesn't last more than one day. However, descendants of the Wilde family have disagreed, stating that he didnt have syphilis. [20], Thanks to his widespread royal connections, he travelled widely at this stage of his life. When he was fourteen months old, a servant commented that Ernest "runs around like a weasel. The doctor offers no rebuke. Many of his psychological and physical symptoms, such as frequent migraines, could also be attributed to syphilis. As fitting as these final words was the act that closed this long and distinguished sporting career, for less than an hour before that fatal attack of apoplexy, his master hand had brought down two royals! [2] During the political turmoil, timely concessions and Ernest's popular habit of mingling with "the people in their pleasures" were instrumental in keeping him from losing his throne. Today, doctors in the UK see only a handful of tertiary cases. Try 12 issues for 1 today - never miss an issue. [16] Later that year, Albert counselled his brother against finding a wife until his 'condition' was fully recovered. She died in 1868 at the age of 62. "It is with deep sorrow that Her Majesty The Queen announces the death of her beloved husband, His Royal Highness The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh," Buckingham Palace said in a statement Friday. The idea comes from Shakespeares own handwriting. Soon, it became a full-blown epidemic affecting many European countries. Mercury was regularly used in 19th-Century medicine, especially for the treatment of syphilis. n an age before antibiotics, contact tracing and the NHS, a diagnosis of venereal disease (VD) had devastating consequences. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. You can write him at [emailprotected]. He was found alone and unresponsive in an elevator at his Paisley Park home on April 21, 2016. Prince Ernst-August V, head of the now-deposed royal House of Hanover, is stirring up serious royal family drama by formally opposing his son's upcoming marriage, but this isn't the first time he . Vicky has racked her brains to help us to find someone, but in vainWe have no [other reasonable] choice". Will he finally admit the truth?. Treatment follow-up After you're treated for syphilis, your doctor will ask you to: As author D.H. Lawrence wrote: I am convinced that some of Shakespeares horror and despair, in his tragedies, arose from the shock of his consciousness of syphilis.. the Late Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha William Adolphus Baillie-Grohman. A cheerful and charming woman, Harriet became a renowned philanthropist and political hostess. The Duchess of Edinburgh was said to have broken down and sank sobbing to her knees as Alfreds coffin was returned to Gotha. 3. But he has fine dark eyes and black hair, and light figure, and a great look of spirit and eagerness". [54], Later in his reign, Ernest's actions managed to continually anger his sister-in-law. That it had been important is shown by the comment of Emperor William I: To him in no small degree was due the establishment of the empire. A man of varied tastes, Ernest composed several operas and songs. ", The Christmas special is a "weird" time for Harriet. Temperamentally, Victoria was much more like Ernest, for both were lively and sociable with a love for dancing, gossip, and late nights; conversely, this fast pace made Albert physically ill.[16] Victoria believed Ernest had a "most kind, honest, and intelligent expression in his countenance", while Albert "seemed full of goodness and sweetness, and very clever and intelligent. Issues arose over authority to control the upbringing of his heir-presumptive. Who was the first wife of Duke Ernest II? When the news of the duke's death reached the secluded Hinter - Riss, the deepest consternation took possession of the people, amongst whom the prince and the duchess had passed, as they often used to say, the happiest days of their long, eventful lives. She still doesn't know the truth that Ernest has been hiding: his venereal disease and the syphilitic rash that decorates his torso and causes him such shame. Alexandrine seems to have turned a blind eye and continued to call him "Ernst, my treasure", baffling outsiders. Reginald Turner, Wildes only friend who remained with him during the last weeks before his death, had this to say about Wildes illness: [The disease] was only shortly before his death diagnosed as a tertiary symptom of an infection he had contracted when he was 20.. Christopher Columbus and his men brought a lot of things back to Europe after his voyage to the New World: corn, potatoes . Who was the real Robert Traill? Theories range from alcoholism to mental disorders, but one theory has enough evidence to possibly be accepted as fact: John Wilkes Booth had late-stage syphilis. Even after the Centers for Disease Control in 1945 approved penicillin to treat the disease, the study that began in 1932 would continue until 1972 without the men being treated all in the name of medical research.

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