Haplogroup G2a1 (also known as G-FGC753 and previously as G-L293) and its subclades represent the majority of haplogroup G samples in some parts of the Caucasus Mountains area. [23] About 6% of the samples from Sri Lanka and Malaysia were reported as haplogroup G, but none were found in the other coastal lands of the Indian Ocean or Pacific Ocean in Asia. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). It is a child of haplogroup M12'G. It was likely born in the East Asia around 32,000 years ago. The second component, influenced by the relatively high presence of M377, separates Ashkenazi Jews from other populations (Figure 3a). Gurdeep Matharu Lall, Maarten H. D. Larmuseau, Mark A. Jobling, Hovhannes Sahakyan, Ashot Margaryan, Richard Villems, Javier Rodriguez Luis, Leire Palencia-Madrid, Rene J. Herrera, Sandra Oliveira, Alexander Hbner, Jorge Rocha, Alessandra Modi, Desislava Nesheva, David Caramelli, Maxat Zhabagin, Zhaxylyk Sabitov, Elena Balanovska, Veronika Csky, Dniel Gerber, Anna Szcsnyi-Nagy, European Journal of Human Genetics Slider with three articles shown per slide. A more compact cluster of Near/Middle Eastern samples is also resolved in the network. The hg G individuals in Supplementary Table S1 were either first genotyped for this study or updated to present phylogenetic resolution from earlier studies.2, 4, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27 All hg G (M201-derived) samples were genotyped in a hierarchical manner for the following binary markers: M285, P20, P287, P15, L91 P16, M286, P303, U1, L497, M406, Page19, M287 and M377. Nat Commun 2012; 3. de Knijff P, Kayser M, Caglia A et al. [8][9], Furthermore, the majority of all the male skeletons from the European Neolithic period have so far yielded Y-DNA belonging to this haplogroup. While neither knowledge of paleo-climate, archeology or genetic evidence from a single locus using modern populations provides an unimpeachable microcosm of pre-historical expansions, considering them together cautiously provides a contextual framework for discussion. G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. The forward primer is GTATTGAACTTACAATTCACGTCCC, and the reverse is CTCTCCAAATCGGGTTTCCT. L223 is found on the Y chromosome at rs810801 and 6405148 with a mutation from C to G. L223 was first identified in samples at 23andMe in 2009 but proved problematic as an individual test, the first successful results being reported at Family Tree DNA in late 2011 under its assigned L223 label. Hg G is very frequent in NW Caucasus and South Caucasus, covering about 45% of the paternal lineages in both regions2 in this study. In Europe west of the Black Sea, Haplogroup G is found at about 5% of the population on average throughout most of the continent. In Wales, a distinctive G2a3b1 type (DYS388=13 and DYS594=11) dominates there and pushes the G percentage of the population higher than in England. They arewith accompanying Y-chromosome locationsU5 (rs2178500), L149 (8486380) and L31 (also called S149) (rs35617575..12538148). Y-chromosomal diversity in Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography, rather than by language. An assessment of the Y-chromosome phylogeography-based proposal that the spread of G2a-L497 chromosomes originated from Central Europe could be achieved by typing this SNP in the Holocene period human remains from Germany31 as well as those from France and Spain.45, 46 Certainly, Y chromosome represents only a small part of human genome and any population-level interpretation of gene flow in this region would have to be supported by genome-wide evidence. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d. G2a was found in medieval remains in a 7th- century CE high-status tomb in Ergolding, Bavaria, Germany, but G2a subclades were not tested.[34]. Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. The members of G-PF3359 are probably smaller in number than men included in G-P303, but only a small amount of testing has occurred for the relevant mutations. Google Scholar. Genome Res 2008; 18: 830838. Nasidze I, Quinque D, Dupanloup I et al. See: Poznik. Haplogroup G2a2b is a rare group today in Europe. Conversely, hg G is present in Northeast Caucasus only at an average frequency of 5% (range 019%). However, interpretations based on coarse haplogroup resolution frequency clines are unsophisticated and do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. Furthermore, markers Page94, U5, U8 and L30 were typed in contextually appropriate samples to establish the position of the five new markers within the phylogeny. Its members include "tzi",[citation needed] the so-called Iceman, who died at least 5,000 years BP in the European Alps. . We emphasize that our assessments are based solely on contemporary DNA distributions rather than actual prehistoric patterns. Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. Network of 248 samples P303 derived from Supplementary Table S3. They are found only in tiny numbers elsewhere. Thank you for visiting nature.com. Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present. (a) Principal component analysis by population. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. Phylogenetic relationships of studied binary markers within haplogroup G in wider context of M89-defined clade. Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 374386. Eur J Hum Genet 20, 12751282 (2012). RV and DMB thank the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research for FP7 Ecogene grant 205419. G2a2b1 is more common in southern Europe than northern Europe. The results were analyzed using the ABI PRISM program GeneMapper 4.0 (Applied Biosystems). Iceman tzi, known to have been a haplogr. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. The Iceman belongs to haplogroup G2a2b [13] (earlier called G2a4). K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. Google Scholar. Furthermore, the U1-specific sub-clade M527 is most pronounced among Ukrainians and Anatolian Greeks. The Network 4.6.0.0 (Fluxus-Engineering) program was used (median-joining algorithm and the post-processing option). The discovery of new SNPs can result in assignment of new names to haplogroup categories. The final major subclade is characterized by presence of the SNP Z1903 and by a value of 9 at marker DYS568. EKK thanks the Russian Academy of Sciences Program for Fundamental Research Biodiversity and dynamics of gene pools, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation for state contracts P-325 and 02.740.11.07.01, and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research for grants 04-04-48678- and 07-04-01016-. Dulik MC, Osipova LP, Schurr TG : Y-chromosome variation in Altaian Kazakhs reveals a common paternal gene pool for Kazakhs and the influence of Mongolian expansions. This haplogroup was found in a Neolithic skeleton from around 5000 BC, in the cemetery of Derenburg Meerenstieg II, Germany, which forms part of the Linear Pottery culture, known in German as Linearbandkeramik (LBK),[11] but was not tested for G2a3 subclades. A network of 61 G2c-M377 lineages from Europe, the Near/Middle East and Central and South Asia reveals founder lineages (one pronounced founder in Ashkenazi Jews and a far distant one among South Asian individuals) and diverged lineages (Supplementary Figure S1). PLoS Biol 2010; 8: e1000536. volume20,pages 12751282 (2012)Cite this article. A high percentage of G-Z1903 men belong to its subclade, G-Z724. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. P15 was identified at the University of Arizona and became widely known by 2002. Evaluation of Y-chromosomal STRs: a multicenter study. These patterns have been related to different migratory events and demographic processes.2, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16. However, its sub-clades have more localized distribution with the U1-defined branch largely restricted to Near/Middle Eastern and the Caucasus, whereas L497 lineages essentially occur in Europe where they likely originated. The most recent study (2010) estimates the common ancestor of all men in haplogroup G lived in Asia about 17,000 years ago, and the ancestor of the G2 subgroup lived about 15,000 years ago. Google Scholar. Peter A Underhill. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. Semino et al. It has been found in Mexican mestizos. Balanovsky O, Rootsi S, Pshenichnov A et al. The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. Origin. [43] L240 was identified in 2009. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. Ancient DNA from European early neolithic farmers reveals their near eastern affinities. A clade of closely related Ashkenazi Jews represent virtually all G2b persons, with just three other G2b haplotypes having been reported so far: one Turk from Kars in northeast Turkey near Armenia, one Pashtun, and one Burusho in Pakistan. RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 1825518259. The Madjar and Argyn tribes (or clans) of Kazakhstan were found to possess the highest levels of G-M201 among any modern ethnic group. L1771.1/ L177_1, L1771.2/L177_2, L177.3/L177_3) was withdrawn as an identifier by ISOGG in 2013, after it was "found to be an unreliable palindromic snp". Geographic spread patterns of the P303-derived groups defined by L497, U1 and P15(xP303)-derived P16 and M406 lineages, all of which achieve a peak frequency of at least 10%, are presented in Figures 2bf, respectively. Although hg G1 frequency distribution, overall, extends further eastward as far as Central Asian Kazakhs (present even among Altaian Kazakhs38 with identical STR haplotypes compared with the main Kazakh population), it is virtually absent in Europe. His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17: 820830. Its age is between 7,700 and . It is provided at the request of readers. However, interpretations based on simple haplogroup frequency clines do not recognize underlying patterns of genetic diversification. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. Eur J Hum Genet 2004; 12: 855863. Haplogroup G represents one of the first peoples in Europe. PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. Origin and Migrations of Haplogroup G-M201 The first man to carry haplogroup G-M201 likely lived in southwestern Asia or the Caucasus between 46,000 and 54,000 years ago. More distantly, G2a3a-M406 occurs in Italy (3%) with a Td of 8100 years ago, consistent with the model of maritime Neolithic colonization of the Italian peninsula from coastal Anatolia and/or the Levant. In Russia, Ukraine and Central Asia, members of various ethnic minorities and/or residents in particular localities possess G-M201 at its highest levels in the world even though the average rate at the national level is about 1% or less. Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. No clinal patterns were detected suggesting that the distributions are rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Supplementary Information accompanies the paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website, Rootsi, S., Myres, N., Lin, A. et al. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. This group was created for the folks who's paternal Y-DNA reflects they belong to haplogroup G2a (G-P15). White PS, Tatum OL, Deaven LL, Longmire JL : New, male-specific microsatellite markers from the human Y chromosome. Beginning in 2008, additional G SNPs were identified at Family Tree DNA (L designations) and Ethnoancestry (S designations). Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. Haplogroup G is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. Hum Hered 2006; 61: 132143. Mitochondrial haplogroup N is a "Macro-haplogroup", also called a "Superhaplogroup." All humans who left Africa descended from mtDNA haplogroup L3, and that ancient lineage soon gave rise to two great daughter families, M and N, which, in turn, became the mothers of billions. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. A subset of 693 samples was typed for short tandem repeats of Y-chromosome (Y-STRs) using the 17 STR markers in the Applied Biosystems AmpFlSTR Yfiler Kit according to manufacturer recommendations.
Are Fake Pit Vipers Worth It,
$62,000 A Year Is How Much Biweekly After Taxes,
Is Mike Epps And Omar Epps Related,
Articles H