Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. 10010, with the primary authorities cited on p. 176. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. The Aka or Bayaka Pygmies still speak their own language, unlike the more famous Mbuti Pygmies, who have fully adopted the languages of their Bantu overlords. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. False and dangerous equivalency. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. Vitally important but lesser known were the Abyssinians (Ethiopians) fighting to eject the Italians from their country. In fact a small amount South African Bantu men have Khoisan specific Y-DNA (including Cushitic pastoralist Y-DNA which is significant among the Khoisan). Many centuries later, around AD 1000, some Eastern Cushitic speakers also settled in northern and coastal Kenya. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. However, attempts to trace the exact route of the expansion, to correlate it with archaeological evidence and genetic evidence, have not been conclusive; thus although the expansion is widely accepted as having taken place, many aspects of it remain in doubt or are highly contested. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. It seems likely that the expansion of the Bantu-speaking people from their core region in West Africa began around 40003500BC. Yet, was it all bloodshed and oppression? Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. Our Bantu speaking ancestors also . Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu-speaking group,[3][4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. In its simplest terms, the Herero, a Bantu people, in one of many internecine conflicts, required German protection and did not get it. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. } This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. They believed that the expansion was caused by the development of agriculture, the making of ceramics, and the use of iron, which permitted new ecological zones to be exploited. Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. Probably in the minds of a few individuals who had the power to stop it, it was, but as a systematic government policy, perhaps not. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. Sutton, J. E. G. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. The phenomenon was known as the Mfecane, or Difaqane, or the Scattering. This monumental event has attracted significant debate and speculation that recent research has endeavored to resolve. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. It has sparked speculation, debate, and curiosity among scholars within the continent and beyond. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. Press J to jump to the feed. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. . These migrants changed population demographics, spread farming across sub-equatorial Africa, introduced iron technology, and built powerful states that continue to influence the African continent today. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. The dominance of Bantu-speaking people is evident in their movement and control over the areas they encountered. Replies claiming this is white supremacist to somehow study history are just ad hominem attacks mostly. There is strength in numbers and our Bantu speaking ancestors always had large families consistent with our pro-natalist mindset. Cushites and more specifically Somali genocide is unfortunately coming. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. "useRatesEcommerce": false India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. The Twa spend part of the year in the otherwise uninhabited region hunting game, trading for agricultural products with the farmers while they do so. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. It was this policy in the end that is credited with saving Ireland from the worst possible consequences of crop failure. The story begins with a popular African tale. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. Tensions and violence increased after the Rwandan Genocide as 1.5 million Hutu refugees fled Rwanda. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. But the Zulu race itself was not innocent of genocide. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialised for the forest and is shared between western Batwa groups. In Killing Fields set up all over the country, confessions were solicited by torture, and execution immediately. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. However, mtDNA genetic research from Cabinda suggests that only haplogroups that originated in West Africa are found there today, and the distinctive L0 of the pre-Bantu population is missing, suggesting that there was a complete population replacement. That shows sexual migratory activity not genocide. Does this action fall into the classification of genocide? Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. Its a MYTH. No its not and its a common talking point of settlers in south africa to "legitimize" their presence in south africa, im nkt a professional historian so youd best ask real historians at r/history or r/askhistorians. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. Over the next 500 years, Bantu-speakers moved eight times the previous distance (an average of 4000km). Other academic opinion tends to point to a typically dogmatic refusal on the part of the British government to acknowledge a failed policy. Murdock, G. P., Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History (New York), 2901.Google Scholar, 10 Greenberg, J. H., Studies in African Linguistic Classification (New Haven, 1955), 40.Google Scholar, 12 Guthrie, Malcolm, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages, Journal of African History, III (1962), 27382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 13 From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. The date is contested, but most historians agree the Bantu Expansion began around 1500BCE. These innovations facilitated population growth and the division of labour, forming powerful Bantu-controlled African states in the process. I understand if you do not want to answer this question especially since this video is white supremacy propaganda. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. The impact of the Bantu Expansion has stood the test of time it continues to influence the demographics, language, and culture of the continent today. The Mfecane. Archaeological, linguistic, genetic, and environmental evidence all support the conclusion that the Bantu expansion was a significant human migration. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. The Zulu style of warfare was based on finely tuned tactics, relentless discipline and brutal, close-quarters combat. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. From Mr Bernard Fagg's layer 3 at Taruga, containing iron slag and Nok figurines. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. It is for chronological data concerning the second and third stages that we can now turn hopefully to archaeology. Needless to say, not all Germans subscribed to his vision, but enough did to render it practical, and, as the old saying goes: Bad things happen when good people do nothing. 21128. The continent's best-known language dispersal is no doubt the so-called 'Bantu Expansion'. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. By Ellen Rubin. However, the Holocaust, although predominately targeting Jews, was also an expression of Nazi aversion to any group or individual not conforming to a narrow definition of Aryan purity. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708 and were massacred in great numbers by Dutch, British, and German settlers in acts of genocide (e.g. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. Further east, Bantu-speaking communities had reached the great Central African rainforest, and by 500BC, pioneering groups had emerged into the savannas to the south, in what are now the Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, and Zambia. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. It was of limited practical use to them, bearing in mind that it almost entirely comprised desert, but it was essential in the cut and thrust of competition, in particular with the British, in the race for European global expansion. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. Control of East Africa was essential to the Allies as [], By Madison Moulton Looking out at the North Sea the body of water dividing Britain and the rest of Europe you would never suspect this hub of marine activity was once not a marine environment at all. Historical Maps, Prints, Photographs and Books, Off Green Island, Bass Strait, 1893 Framed Print, Port Jackson from Vaucluse, c1800 Framed Print, Taking back the Homeland Ethiopian Guerrillas in World War II, Doggerland: The Lost World Beneath the North Sea, Interesting Stories of the Mound-Building Native American Civilizations of the Midwest, Map of New Holland and Asiatic Isles, 1814 Framed Print, reproduce it please get in touch via this form, The Conquerors Perspective: Why Europe Has so Many Different Languages, A Continents Currency: 20 years of the Euro, The Roman dead: new techniques are revealing just how diverse Roman Britainwas, Secondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. This empire was one of the most powerful in African History and left an indelible mark on modern-day South Africa. [41] Other inland centres established during this phase of expansion include Bigo bya Mugenyi in Uganda, Thimlich Ohinga in Kenya and the Kweneng' Ruins in South Africa. Required fields are marked *. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. However, this estimated expansion time could represent an underestimation and may simply show the expansion of a subset of the diversity within haplogroup R1b1* to west Central Africa through the Bantu expansion, having been shown to be especially frequent in northern Cameroon, near the putative Bantu expansion origin (Cruciani et al. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. These communities also integrated and intermarried with the communities already present at the coast. From anti-Semitic pogroms to attacks against the Cossack minority, and numerous deportations and mass imprisonments, the history of the Soviet Union is replete with genocide. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. We won't share your contact details with anyone. But he also displayed a dangerous pathology, perhaps born of his reduced birth, and the suffering that his mother endured on his behalf, but also, perhaps, because of hidden homosexuality. affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. Of course not. A tell tale sign or mere speculations doesn't equate to proof. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. How do you study history? In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Remaining in Africa, we now shift our attention to an episode of colonial genocide that deeply scarred the legacy of the German colonization of Africa. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. . the bantu empire - two millenia of black supremacy, conquest, genocide, rape, war & colonisation! It never happened. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013.
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