But an explosion ABOVE is often lethal since those kinds of cover don't have roofs. The explosive power, coupled with the flash on impact which guided their aim, was much appreciated by pilots. [13], The proximity fuze was one of the most important technological innovations of World War II. Which aircraft type could withstand the most damage? [48] Testing also occurred at Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland, where about 15,000 bombs were fired. The Fabricated Sniper Rifle is a ranged weapon, a more advanced version of the Longneck Rifle. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Use a gun. Incendiary projectiles, in particular those intended for armor penetration, are more effective if they explode after penetrating a surface layer, such that they explode inside the target. It was considered (and later patented by Brandt) for use with anti-aircraft missiles fired from the ground. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. A fireball from a kamikaze attack engulfs the USS Columbia during a battle near the Philippines in 1945. [33] Later, the Ordnance Development Division of the National Bureau of Standards (which became the Harry Diamond Laboratories and later merged into the Army Research Laboratory in honor of its former chief in subsequent years) developed the first automated production techniques for manufacturing radio proximity fuzes at a low cost. The NDRC research highlighted the speed of sound as a major limitation in the design and use of acoustic fuzes, particularly in relation to missiles and high-speed aircraft. [47] Similarly for example the word tank for an armored fighting vehicle was used to pretend plausibly that a carrier of water for troops on the battlefield was being developed. Shrapnel wounds became so common that eventually any wound from a metal fragment tended to be called "shrapnel" in general: from hang grenades, from debris thrown by an explosion, etc. The designation VT means variable time. So, why was the 8.8 FLAK in WW2 used by german troops against tanks? The Hush-Kit Book of Warplanes will feature the finest cuts from this site along with exclusive new articles, explosive photography and gorgeous bespoke illustrations. Feb 19, 2014 Jack Beckett, Guest Author. ", Oruzhiye Podvodnogo Udara (Underwater Weapons), "The Development of the Radio Proximity Fuze", Naval Historical Centre Radio Proximity (VT) Fuzes, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&oldid=1141413451, It was important in defense from Japanese, It was an important part of the radar-controlled anti-aircraft batteries that finally neutralized the German, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 23:27. The device described in World War II patent[63] works as follows: The shell contains a micro-transmitter which uses the shell body as an antenna and emits a continuous wave of roughly 180220MHz. A contact fuze would explode when it hit the ground; it would not be very effective at scattering shrapnel. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. They lacked the guns, effective radar, and the cooperation between the Army and Navy was terrible. They project narrow beams of laser light perpendicular to the flight of the missile. This process continued for the last 10 months of the war, robbing German cities of vital flak defences. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Sure, in UT99 there is some sort of piston that pushes ammo into the firing chamber, but it's . When the target was far away, little of the oscillator's transmitted energy would be reflected to the fuze. At the beginning of the war, the first British gun-laying Mark I (GL I) radars entered service with several AA batteries. Optical sensing was developed in 1935, and patented in the United Kingdom in 1936, by a Swedish inventor, probably Edward W. Brandt, using a petoscope. In 1944 the number of 128mm rounds per aircraft shootdown was 3,000, less than one-fifth the number expended by its 88mm counterpart. Consequently, a low frequency signal, corresponding to the frequency difference between the oscillator and the received signal, developed at the oscillator's plate terminal. 3. His in-depth and comprehensive study of German flak defences clearly showed how effective they really were. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Thomas Kirkman May 27, 2020 @ 1:20pm. The obvious choice would be the Luftwaffes AA defenses, but I would point to the US Navys development of the VT fuse or radar equipped proximity fuse. Working with Western Electric Company and Raytheon Company, miniature hearing-aid tubes were modified to withstand this extreme stress. Flak can refer to criticism or worse, explosive shells from an antiaircraft weapon. In this video, you'll find out the percentages of where Allied bombers got hit the most. The story mostly centres around the fighter defence and how the F4F Wildcat matched up against the vaunted A6M Zero-sen. [52][53] It was among the first mass-production applications of printed circuits. [46] Captain S. R. Shumaker, Director of the Bureau of Ordnance's Research and Development Division, coined the term to be descriptive without hinting at the technology. There were a few that were specifically armoured like the Russian Il-2 and German Hs 129 ground attack aircraft to withstand light flak hits. Flak in World War II takes the reader from the invasion of Poland in 1939 right to the last Japanese aircraft shot down by AA fire in August 1945. [50] Once inspections of the finished product were complete, a sample of the fuzes produced from each lot was shipped to the National Bureau of Standards, where they were subjected to a series of rigorous tests at the specially built Control Testing Laboratory. Marines christened their new recruit "Reckless" for the work she would do in resupplying recoilless rifles, known as "reckless rifles" in Marine jargon. The combination of these three inventions was successful in shooting down many V-1 flying bombs aimed at London and Antwerp, otherwise difficult targets for anti-aircraft guns due to their small size and high speed. British tests were then carried out with "unrotated projectiles," in this case rockets. The guns have a fire rate of 250 shots per minute each, which gives a shot per second value of about 4 per gun. Listed is also some of the guns captured from other countries and used by the German armed forces. [37] Other locations include Ft. Fisher in North Carolina and Blossom Point, Maryland. ; "Precision Radar,", Smith, Peter C. Kamikaze: To Die for the Emperor. One of them was an anti-aircraft shell that had spring-loaded wings that would pop out and slice through enemy aircraft. Is Wolfram|Alpha just an online equation solver. unopened, unused, Kit: UPC: : Does not apply . And when I started digging deeper, the number of aircraft shot down by flak was astonishing. For smaller artillery, anything except a direct hit often killed very few or nobody if the soldiers were in cover. Wooden precise replica of the German 88mm anti-aircraft FlaK guns and Tiger-I ammunition - 8.8cm Sprgr.Patr. . Flash Sale. The gun pits were arranged to enable the high altitude flak guns ( probably British army 3.7 in guns) fire in unison to create a box pattern when the shells exploded at the preset height and would follow the track of the bombers That was the means a lethal zone was put where the bombers were expected to be. Magazines contain . As these projects moved from development into prototype form in the late 1930s, Butement turned his attention to other concepts, and among these was the idea of a proximity fuse: Into this stepped W. A. S. Butement, designer of radar sets CD/CHL and GL, with a proposal on 30 October 1939 for two kinds of radio fuze: (1) a radar set would track the projectile, and the operator would transmit a signal to a radio receiver in the fuze when the range, the difficult quantity for the gunners to determine, was the same as that of the target and (2) a fuze would emit high-frequency radio waves that would interact with the target and produce, as a consequence of the high relative speed of target and projectile, a Doppler-frequency signal sensed in the oscillator.[24]. Many postwar histories accepted the testimony of leading figures within the Luftwaffe that ground based AA defences achieved limited success in destroying Allied bombers. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The B Mark VI incendiary bullet was packed with nitrocellulose, and a small steel ball was placed in the tip of the bullet to ensure that the chemical exploded on impact. There was a variant of the Stielgranate 41 (hollowed charge, stick grenade) for the 3,7 cm Flak weapons (18, 36, 37, 43) to emergency fight back heavy armored vehicles. Models & Kits; Military; Dnepro Model DM3518-1/35 German 88mm FLAK 36 ammo ammo box scale model kit. Front shows a flak 88 artillery gun in the center with a German eagle clutching a swastika in his talons at the top. Bonus Pack. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". A great little gun that packs 10+1 rounds of 9mm and features a 3.4" barrel - perfect for our carry gun test. Images of CAD renderings can be found below. 31. The most common type of shell contains shotround pellets of lead or steelinstead . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrapnel_shell. Indeed when you compare these numbers to the more effective 128mm AA gun the numbers are intriguing. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. In many ways the term gun-laying was a misnomer when applied to the GL I. How effective was it in WW2? It was more of a gun-assisting radar with limited capabilities. Image courtesy the German Federal Archive. Pilots were permitted to deploy them against only zeppelins and balloons. AA guns are actually rather effective against soft ground targets, too. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The British shared a wide range of possible ideas for designing a fuze, including a photoelectric fuze and a radio fuze, with United States during the Tizard Mission in late 1940. Not FLAK in particular but I wanted to clear up a bit about fragmentation shells in general. Magnetic sensing can only be applied to detect huge masses of iron such as ships. Check out the main categories below. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The anti-aircraft artillery range at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico was used as one of the test facilities for the proximity fuze, where almost 50,000 test firings were conducted from 1942 to 1945. Allied AA defenses were also effective, one example being the battles against the V-1 flying bombs and the fact that they chose to defend Antwerp against the V-1 using AA guns along is testament to their effectiveness. Most, if not all, of the histories deal with the great air battles strictly in terms of aircraft vs. aircraft; the great fighter aces and how many bombers were shot down by Spitfires, Bf 109s, Fw 190s and Me 110 and Ju 88 night-fighters. Personal thoughts on it:Probably the cannon works with some sort of a pneumatic contraption. By 1944, a large proportion of the American electronics industry concentrated on making the fuzes. or 7k? After the war, the British Bombing Survey Unit (BBSU) continued this line of thinking describing German AA defences as plentiful but not very lethal. At the same time the official RAF history of the air war estimated that German flak accounted for 37 percent of Bomber Commands losses between July 1942 and April 1945. That means the fuse was outperforming traditional rounds three to one in routine combat conditions. I know that UT weapons aren't supposed to be something realistic, but if someone wanted to analyze for example the flak cannon, how would it do all the stuff it is supposed to do? Welcome to the WWII Forums! Two of the four tubes in the VT fuze were used to detect, filter, and amplify this low frequency signal. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. View Coupon. Time to blow. How did flak guns work in WW2? I suppose some of how a flak battery worked will be in the book but I became interested after seeing site/foundations for a flak battery which still existed in a park in my home town. Design of the type began as early as 1936 under the charge of the Rheinmetall-Borsig concern and then known as the "Gerat 40", intended as an in-the-field gun system for the German Army. The three drones were destroyed with just four projectiles.[9][42]. [9], Given their previous work on radio and radiosondes at NBS, Diamond and Hinman developed the first all solid-state[when? The flammable hydrogen gas of the zeppelins made incendiary bullets much more deadly than standard ones which would pass through the outer skin without igniting the gas. Although it gave accurate ranges, it could not produce good azimuth indications or elevation figures. Firing pin: Strikes the back of the flare and causes it to explode and shoot off down the barrel. The tables below give the armor penetration figures of the most common German guns used during the Second World War. [44] One tube was an oscillator connected to an antenna; it functioned as both a transmitter and an autodyne detector (receiver). Their light and medium flak over the battlefield was also highly effective and took a great toll on Allied fighter bombers. The return signal is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the distance. Both are surrounded by an oval oak leaf wreath. US Navy development and early production was outsourced to the Wurlitzer company, at their barrel organ factory in North Tonawanda, New York.[49]. It's called a hammer because that's how it works: like a conventional hammer driving a nail into wood, it uses a relatively large mass pushing forward onto a relatively small mass (the firing pin), so it magnifies force. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney_hunting_incident. I'm glad that diagram depicted a goose, I hope it was Canadian. A timer fuze can be set to explode a few meters above the ground but the timing is vital and usually requires observers to provide information for adjusting the timing. hospital valet job description how does flak ammunition work. For security reasons, and to confuse the enemy, it was initially called 'de Wilde' ammunition, even though the design was almost entirely different from the original version. But when the reflected signal was out of phase then the combined radio signal amplitude would decrease, which would decrease the plate current. Each pocket could carry 1 en bloc clip with 8 rounds for the M1 Rifle or 2 stripper clips with 5 rounds for the M1903 rifle. If you show up late for work for a third day, you'll probably take some flak from your coworkers they'll take verbal shots at you. [9] Rockets have relatively low acceleration and no spin creating centrifugal force, so the stresses on the delicate electronic fuze are relatively benign. To shoot right click with the loaded gun in your hand and it should shoot. Publicado el junio 1, 2022 por junio 1, 2022 por By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The cannon was fully automatic and effective against aircraft flying at altitudes up to 4,200 m. The cannon was produced in both towed and self-propelled versions. EDIT: And it's only used against airborne targets because airplanes have to be light-weight in order to be able to fly; a cloud of tiny pellets like that will shred an airplane, but won't do much against a tank or battleship or other such armored targets. A proximity fuze (or fuse) is a fuze that detonates an explosive device automatically when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a predetermined value. Flak as we know it ( the exploding ordinance variety ) works by using fuses. A minor problem encountered by the British was that the fuze was sensitive enough to detonate the shell if it passed too close to a seabird and a number of seabird "kills" were recorded. [25] Pye's research was transferred to the United States as part of the technology package delivered by the Tizard Mission when the United States entered the war. The 88 mm gun (eighty-eight) was a German anti-aircraft and anti-tank artillery gun from World War II. "[27][30] As Tuve understood, the circuitry of the fuze was rudimentary. NOTE: Click on images to view larger size. Well, it's been 5 years and the devs STILL haven't been able to match/list what ammunition fits which weapons in the constructor or on the description, so once again we need to rely on each other to do what they can . First large scale production of tubes for the new fuzes[9] was at a General Electric plant in Cleveland, Ohio formerly used for manufacture of Christmas-tree lamps. Like its World War II namesake, the Flakpanzer 38 (t), the Gepard was based on the hull of an existing tank. As the shell approaches a reflecting object, an interference pattern is created. Getting that right was harder than you would think with the limited means of getting the planes altitude and speed right and they would only have a few minutes at most to do so. [60] German divisions were caught out in open as they had felt safe from timed fire because it was thought that the bad weather would prevent accurate observation. In 1944 the battleship USS Missouri bristled with twenty 5 inch, eighty 40mm and over forty-nine 20mm cannon. All of the units in Warpath are the real units from World War II, from infantry units to rocket artillery. The first bomb in the stick was fitted with an impact fuze while the other bombs were fitted with pressure sensitive diaphragm actuated detonators. (Yikes! One may use a timed fuse in the shell. For production times check Crafting. As volume increased, efficiency came into play and the cost per fuze fell from $732 in 1942 to $18 in 1945. Warpath Units. The B Mark VI incendiary bullets were first issued in June 1940 and tested operationally in the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire in the air battles over Dunkirk. [citation needed] The British then adopted the simplified design as the Mk VII bullet. As opposed to earlier designs, the B Mark VI was a true incendiary rather than tracer ammunition. Measures 1 13/16 X 2 9/16 inches. [4], Belgian inventor de Wilde, who was living in Switzerland, invented a new bullet in 1938. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Before that, they can be purchased from the vending machine outside Crazy . Change). Heaven High, Hell Deep 1917-1918, Normal Archibald, "The Battle of Britain: Armament of the Competing Fighters", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incendiary_ammunition&oldid=1134758731, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 20 January 2023, at 13:29. (LogOut/ Click to subscribe! fine for not having a boat licence qld; cherokee brick products [68], During WW2, pressure activated fuzes were developed for sticks (or trains) of bombs to create above ground airbursts. AA shrapnel also killed and wounded tens of thousands of aircrew, significantly reducing the overall efficiency and morale.. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". If the amplified beat frequency signal's amplitude was large enough, indicating a nearby object, then it triggered the fourth tube a gas-filled thyratron. Flak is basically a cannon that launches a shell up in the air, in the path of the airplane, and the shell explodes when it gets up there, sending pellets in all directions, hopefully hitting the airplane nearby, like in that graphic. She carried 24-pound ammunition shells and other supplies across the rugged, remote terrain of the Korean Peninsula that was inaccessible to trucks. Some naval mines use pressure fuzes which are able to detect the pressure wave of a ship passing overhead.
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